ࡱ> g JbjbjVV 4|r<r<Ae88dd~Vrv$ n~p~p~p~p~p~p~$E~S(P"rS(S(~~o+o+o+S(n~o+S(n~o+o+Js<J{H]e)vFZ~~0~v~*J{J{6|$ "o+z$t%e ~~* ~S(S(S(S(  : Foreign and International Law Research Foreign and International Law, Defined and Distinguished Foreign International History of International Basic Concepts of International Law Sources of International Law Researching International Law International Law Treaty Research International Trade Law International Organizations Regional Organizations Researching Foreign Law Basic concepts Resources OQuinn Subscriptions Free reliable online resources Foreign and International Law, Defined and Distinguished Foreign v. International Law Foreign law = law of the country. UK, U.S. and the Commonwealth (including India) are Common Law countries Continental Europe, Asia, Middle East and Latin America traditionally are Civil Law Countries. Some African countries have mixed system, generally based on history. Some nations have their laws derived from Sharia, among these are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Libya and Sudan. Research requires access of foreign legislation, jurisdiction, commentaries and scholarly work. In contrast international law governs the relations between countries. International Law International Law law that governs the relations between countries Public international law - governs the relationship between states and international entities, either as an individual or as a group. It includes specific legal fields such as treaty law, law of the sea, international criminal law and international humanitarian law. Supranational law - Supranational law is a form of international law, based on the limitation of the rights of sovereign nations between one another. It is distinguished from public international law, because in supranational law, nations explicitly submit their right to make judicial decisions to a set of common institutions. European Community law' is the first and only example of a supranational legal framework. In the EC, sovereign nations have pooled their authority through a system of courts and political institutions. They have the ability to enforce legal norms against and for member states and citizens, in a way that public international law does not. Private international law (or conflict of laws) deals with the resolution of conflict of laws in the international setting and addresses the questions of (1) in which legal jurisdiction may a case be heard; and (2) the question which jurisdiction(s) laws apply to the issues in the case. History of International Law Going back to the Roman Empire (ius gentium law of nations) Becomes synonym for right of commercial transaction With the Peace of Westfalia in 1648 sovereign States were established and with it international law moved beyond the right of commercial transaction into ius ad bellum (the Right to wage war). In the following centuries this right was seen more and more critical and as a result the League of Nations was founded in 1919. The LON was the first permanent international security organization whose principle mission was to maintain world peace but it was not able to prevent Hitlers rise and World War II. At the Tehran Conference in 1943 the Aliied Powers agreed to replace the LON with a new organization the United Nations. In 1945 the United Nations were founded the doctrine of ius ad bellum was renounced and International Law as we know it now was manifested. Basic concepts in International Law Generally appears as Public International Law Signatory nation-states are equal. Signatory states are assumed to have control and jurisdiction over their territories. Parties are mostly nation-states. Only with the proliferation of international organizations in last century, participants include international organizations, multinational corporations, NGOs, IGOs and even individuals. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government and a term usually used by governments to refer to entities that have no government status. An intergovernmental organization, sometimes rendered as an international governmental organization and both abbreviated as IGO, is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states), or of other intergovernmental organizations. Intergovernmental organizations are often called international organizations, although that term may also include international nongovernmental organization such as international non-profit organizations (NGOs) or multinational corporations. The authority of international law largely depends upon the voluntary participation of states in terms of formulation, observance, and enforcement. In some areas such as trade and human rights, certain judicial or quasi-judicial tribunals are available. Sources of International Law International conventions are generally referred to as treaties and are written agreements between States that are governed by international law. B. Customary law - International custom or customary law is evidence of a general practice accepted as law through a constant and virtually uniform usage among States over a period of time. Rules of customary international law bind all States. The State alleging the existence of a rule of customary law has the burden of proving its existence by showing a consistent and virtually uniform practice among States, including those States specially affected by the rule or having the greatest interest in the matter. Undisputed examples of rules of customary law are (a) giving foreign diplomats criminal immunity; (b) treating foreign diplomatic premises as inviolable; (c) recognizing the right of innocent passage of foreign ships in the territorial sea; (d) recognizing the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State on the high seas; (5) ordering military authorities to respect the territorial boundaries of neighboring States; and (6) protecting non-combatants such as civilians and sick or wounded soldiers during international armed conflict.. C. General principles of law General principles of law recognized by civilized nations are often cited as a third source of law. These are general principles that apply in all major legal systems. An example is the principle that persons who intentionally harm others should have to pay compensation or make reparation. General principles of law are usually used when no treaty provision or clear rule of customary law exists. D. Writings of the most highly qualified scholars see for more at  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/law/avl/" http://www.un.org/law/avl/ E. Case law from international and national courts as far as they rule on international legal issue (discussion of stare decisis in international law) No hierarchy among the first three sources; D and E are considered subsidiary see  HYPERLINK "http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0#CHAPTER_II" http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0#CHAPTER_II Researching International Law The following is an overview on where and how to research international issues and organizations. The American Society of International Law (ASIL) is probably themost respected organization on the study of international law. ASIL is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, educational membership organization founded in 1906 and chartered by Congress in 1950. The Society's 4,000 members from nearly 100 nations include attorneys, academics, corporate counsel, judges, representatives of governments and nongovernmental organizations, international civil servants, students and others interested in international law. If you couldhave only one source, use the EISIL database.  Their electronic research tool is EISIL which can be accessed at  HYPERLINK "http://www.eisil.org/" http://www.eisil.org/ International (Public) Law Introduction to Public International Law Research from 2010 on GlobaLex by Vicenc Feliu at  HYPERLINK "http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Public_International_Law_Research1.htm" http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Public_International_Law_Research1.htm GlobaLex is an electronic legal publication dedicated to international and foreign law research. Published by the Hauser Global Law School Program at NYU School of Law, B. Treaty Research a. What is a treaty? In Article 2 I (a) the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties defines treaty as an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation. b. How are treaties negotiated? What is the difference between a treaty and an executive agreement? Treaties are negotiated by national representative and often times signed at an International Conference. However, a nation is not bound to this agreement unless the agreement has been ratified by the national body defined by the nation. Following this the terms of the treaty will enter into force, bit necessarily when the treaty was signed or even ratified but it enters into force on the date the parties agreed upon. An international agreement is sometimes confused with a treaty, but being executive in nature they can be approved with a simple majority of both houses of Congress or may not even have to be submitted for approval. They are often preferred by various parties because a consensus can be obtained easier (2/3 majority in Senate can be very difficult to achieve). Outline of the treaty making process: Secretary of State authorizes negotiation U.S. representative negotiate Agree on terms, and upon authorization of Secretary of State, sign treaty President submits treaty to Senate Senate Foreign Relations Committee considers treaty and reports to Senate Senate considers and approves by 2/3 majority President proclaims entry into force, possible with a different date then the signatory date Outline of the agreement making process: Secretary of State authorizes negotiation U.S. representative negotiate Agree on terms, and upon authorization of Secretary of State, sign agreement (there are three types of agreements. Agreements based on the Presidents Constitutional authority (executive agreements), agreements pursuant to legislation or Congressional-Executive agreement, and agreements pursuant to treaty (authorization is based on a treaty previously ratified by U.S.). Agreement enters into force on the stated date, maybe later President transmits agreement to Congress(pursuant to Case-Zablocki Act ( HYPERLINK "http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode01/usc_sec_01_00000112---b000-.html" http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode01/usc_sec_01_00000112---b000-.html) c. Treaties to which the US is a member d. Treaties to which U.S. is not a member C. International Trade Law International trade law is the mixture of domestic or national law and public international law that applies to transactions for goods or services that cross national boundaries The major organizations are: UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) was established by the General Assembly in 1966 (  HYPERLINK "http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&JN=NR000508" Resolution 2205(XXI) of 17 December 1966). In establishing the Commission, the General Assembly recognized that disparities in national laws governing international trade created obstacles to the flow of trade, and it regarded the Commission as the vehicle by which the United Nations could play a more active role in reducing or removing these obstacles. WTO (World Trade Organization). The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development) OECD brings together the governments of countries committed to democracy and the market economy from around the world and provides a setting where governments compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and coordinate domestic and international policies. D. International Organizations Best basic resources are these organizations websites. 1. United Nations 2. International Criminal Court 3. International Court of Justice E. Regional Organizations There are a number of regional organizations. Some of them are: European Union NAFTA Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) African Union Researching Foreign Law A. Basic concepts a. UK, U.S. and the Commonwealth (including India) are Common Law countries b. Continental Europe, Asia, Middle East and Latin America traditionally are Civil Law Countries. Some African countries have mixed system, generally based on history. c. Some nations have their laws derived from Sharia, among these are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Libya and Sudan. d. Great resource: Foreign law : current sources of codes and basic legislation in jurisdictions of the world / Thomas H. Reynolds, Arturo A. Flores available as an online tool through the drop down menu on the law Libraries main page or .R49 (Reference) B. Resources a. Library of Congress Global Information Network (GLIN) b. Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor (GLM) c. Library of Congress Guide to Law Online d. American Society of International Law (ASIL) World Dictionary of Legal Abbreviations (Reference K89 .W67 2002) VI. OQuinn Subscriptions Start with a search in the library catalog! We have excellent resources available and the fastest way to find them is with a search in the online catalog. In addition to the Foreign Law Guide, there are several important foreign and international law sources provided by OQuinn Law Library. All are available via a drop-down menu called Legal Databases ( HYPERLINK "http://www.law.uh.edu/libraries" http://www.law.uh.edu/libraries). One can access them off campus via Law Library VPN ( HYPERLINK "http://www.law.uh.edu/libraries/LawLibrary1.htm" http://www.law.uh.edu/libraries/LawLibrary1.htm). Foreign Law Guide Reynolds, Thomas H. & Arturo A. Flores, Foreign Law Guide, is an indispensable resource that is designed to locate primary sources of legislation for foreign jurisdictions. For each country there is a brief introduction to the legal system, a list of codifications, gazettes and other sources of law and then a section listing sources of law by subject. There are citations to materials both in the vernacular and in translation. This is the best place to start when you are looking for statutes of another country. The electronic version is available by subscription only, and must be accessed from a computer on the Duke Law network. The print version, Foreign Law: Current Sources of Codes and Basic Legislation in Jurisdictions of the World (Ref. K38 .R49 1989), is updated through 2007. Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO) BNA International Trade Reporter LawInfoChina Hein Online. Several of the databases by this vendor cover international material: 1. English Reports, Full Reprint (1220-1865) 2. European Center for Minority Issues 3. Philip C. Jessup Library; great for preparation for the International Law Moot Court Competition. 4. Treaties and Agreements Library: including official treaty publications, unofficial treaty publications, treaty guides and indexes, books, and important links. United Nations Treaty Collection. Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals. Kluwer Arbitration VII. Free reliable online resources The resources listed here often cover both international as well as foreign legal research. Wex (Cornell University Legal Information Institute) offers articles on International Law and International Trade. Wex is a free legal dictionary and encyclopedia sponsored and hosted by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.law.cornell.edu/" Legal Information Institute at the  HYPERLINK "http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/" Cornell Law School. Wex entries are collaboratively created and edited by legal experts. New York University presents Globalex NYU School of Law has a page Guide to Foreign and International Legal Databases at HG.org founded by Lex Mundi, two databases especially relevant for research: Law Related Articles written by attorneys and legal experts; Worldwide Law - for each country in the list, this website tries to provide four links. 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